From the University of Nebraska-Lincoln blog, Turf iNfo:
The extremely high air temperatures, both during the day and
night, have many turfgrass managers rethinking their irrigation programs. Here
are some things to remember:
First, plants use water to cool off. This process is called
transpirational cooling and it is common in biology (humans sweat, dogs pant
their tongues, etc.). The efficiency of this cooling is greatest when the
surrounding air is dry and moving. Periods of high relative humidity act like a
barrier to transpirational cooling and reduce cooling efficiency.
From another perspective, too much water can lead to rapid
turfgrass decline. Both foliar diseases like brown patch and Pythium blight and
root diseases like Pythium root rot and summer patch thrive under high heat, relative
humidity and soil moisture. Additionally, high soil moisture can put
significant stress on turfgrass roots and lead to different types of
physiological root dysfunction (i.e. wet-wilt, and iron deficiency).
The goal of a turfgrass manager is to provide adequate
moisture for the plants to cool, without adding too much additional moisture to
increase biotic stress (caused by pathogens) and abiotic stresses (caused by
non-living organisms like heat stress).
Here are some tips to help keep your turfgrass healthy
during high heat stress:
• Make sure the soil contains enough soil moisture to get
through the day without wilting. That can be accomplished with a soil moisture
probe or a knife/screw driver inserted into the soil. There is still some “management
art” required because the manager needs to have an idea of a goal soil moisture
to make it through the day.
• Water in the early morning for maximum efficiency. Winds
are generally lightest during this time of the day and the air is coolest. This
means there is less evaporation during the irrigation cycle. The surface is also
coolest during this time. That means the water entering the soil isn’t warmed
by a hot surface (i.e., afternoon irrigation) that draws the surface heat
deeper into the soil.
• Water turf right at the start or during wilt. If you can
see wilt or your moisture probe indicates you are at the wilt point, then water
it. It doesn’t matter what time of day it is. The plant can’t cool itself
because it is out of water and the surface temperature will quickly rise. That
can be lethal during this time of the year. Think of heat stoke when a victim
is dehydrated and cannot sweat anymore.
• Don’t water turf that is not wilting during the afternoon
to cool it. This adds water to the turf system, which reduces the rate of
transpirational cooling, brings heat down into the top of the soil, and is very
conducive for Pythium and other types of diseases.
• Verify the soil is dry before adding water during the day.
Root diseases like Pythium root rot damage turf roots, hence the name root rot.
In these situations, the soil may be wet yet the canopy looks dry because the
turf can’t move water up to the leaves. Adding more irrigation water can
actually intensify the root disease. In these cases, chemical control with
active ingredients like cyazofamid, ethazole, fosetyl-A,
phosphite, azoxystrobin, fluoxastrobin, and propamacarb can help with the disease. These products do need to be watered in to move the product to the pathogen. Venting can also help to dry out the surface and improve the disease symptoms. Read more about chemical control from North Carolina State.
• Improve airflow to maximize transpirational cooling. Yes,
this increases turfgrass water needs, but that is fine because it means the
plant is cooling more efficiently. Adding fans is another huge benefit to turf health
during extreme summer heat.
Bill Kreuser, Extension Turfgrass Specialist, wkreuser2@unl.edu
